AN EVALUATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF PEASANT FARMING SYSTEM IN RURAL COMMUNITIES IN NORTHERN, NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Peasant agriculture, a time-honoured land-labor institution, has stood the test of time for countless generations. This unique approach to farming has proven to be resilient in the face of changing times and adaptable to a wide variety of ecological and socioeconomic conditions (Knowles et al., 2019). It has been portrayed in various ways and numerous narratives have been used to declare its imminent vanishing. However, it is worth noting that there is currently a higher number of peasant-farmers than in previous times, and the fate of the world is undeniably intertwined with their success. This is primarily due to the fact that peasant agriculture is responsible for supplying at least 70% of the world's food (Samberg et al, 2017).

Rural farming can be described as relying on a self-sustaining resource foundation. It can be inferred that the necessary resources for food, fibre, or any other production are predominantly found within the farm itself (Knowles et al., 2019). These resources are cherished and passed down through generations within the farming family. The resource base of self-controlled individuals encompasses the essence of life found in the land, crops, animals, and the local eco-system. It also includes the ability of farmers to understand, manage, enhance, and transform this living nature into nourishment (Carter, 2017). Having such a resource base grants the ability to have autonomy and control over production and development. The resource base that is under the control of individuals allows them to have flexibility and make decisions that may go against the norm, as argued by Long (2019). Closed cycles are essential for increasing autonomy as they allow for the efficient use of resources. For example, when cattle produce manure that is used as fertiliser for fields and crops, it creates a self-sustaining system that reduces the need for external inputs. High-quality manure suggests that minimal or no additional fertiliser needs to be bought. An excellent grass-land production allows for the option of purchasing minimal or no concentrates. An expertly crafted diet reduces stress in the herd and promotes longer lifespans. The breeding and selection of animals is an integral part of the farm's operations, ensuring a reduced risk of importing health issues. Traditional farming methods, as described by Zuiderwijk (1998) and cited in Park (2018), have been found to be surprisingly efficient in terms of productivity (Larson et al., 2019). Peasant farming demonstrates a deep concern for the environment and recognises the interconnectedness between its practices and the broader community.

Peasant farming, also known as smallholder or subsistence farming, continues to be a fundamental aspect of agricultural production worldwide. Although this farming system has its limitations, it has demonstrated economic significance and social benefits for rural communities worldwide. The socio-economic benefits of peasant farming in Africa are diverse, playing a crucial role in ensuring food security, reducing poverty, generating employment opportunities, and safeguarding traditional knowledge. Peasant farming is crucial for maintaining food security in Africa, especially in rural regions. Smallholder farmers are responsible for producing around 80% of the food in sub-Saharan Africa, according to the FAO (2018). Through the cultivation of staple crops such as maize, millet, sorghum, and cassava, they are able to provide sustenance for millions of households. Given its focus on producing food for household consumption, peasant farming plays a crucial role in reducing reliance on external food sources and promoting self-sufficiency (Jayne et al., 2016). The ability of peasant farming to withstand external shocks, such as fluctuations in global food prices, highlights its significance in addressing food insecurity in Africa.

In Africa countries like Nigeria, agriculture continues to be the primary source of employment, with peasant farming offering significant job prospects. According to the World Bank (2019), a large percentage of the continent's workforce is dedicated to agriculture, with a considerable number involved in peasant farming. This farming method requires a lot of manual labour, and although it may not be heavily reliant on machines, it offers a way for rural households to generate income. Through the practice of peasant farming, households are able to generate additional income and help reduce poverty by producing and selling food and other crops in local markets. IFAD (2020) highlights the crucial role of peasant farming in supporting the livelihoods of impoverished families in rural areas. By sustaining household economies, it plays a significant role in alleviating poverty. Peasant farming is deeply ingrained in cultural practices and traditions. The understanding of farming techniques, seed preservation, and crop diversity is frequently transmitted across generations, safeguarding the rich agricultural heritage of local communities (Altieri & Toledo, 2017). In numerous African societies, communal land ownership and shared farming activities cultivate a strong sense of community and social cohesion. The practice of reciprocal labour, where families assist each other during planting or harvesting seasons, fosters strong social networks and communal bonds (Sumberg & Thompson, 2018). This system also promotes the preservation of biodiversity, as peasant farmers frequently grow a wide range of crop varieties that are well-suited to the local environment, thus safeguarding native species.

Eziagi (2023) argues that peasant farming plays a crucial role in supporting local economies by supplying raw materials to local industries and markets. Smallholder farmers frequently contribute to local markets by selling their excess produce, which helps to boost local trade and economic activity (Wiggins, Kirsten, & Llambí, 2016). The connection between smallholder agriculture and local value chains is crucial for fostering economic growth in rural areas. In addition, the revenue generated from the sale of agricultural products allows rural households to have access to vital services like healthcare and education, which helps enhance the overall quality of life in rural communities (Barry, 2020). Women in numerous African countries play a significant role in peasant farming, assuming crucial responsibilities in crop production, processing, and marketing. Peasant farming offers women a chance to gain economic empowerment, as it opens up income-generating opportunities and boosts their financial independence (Doss, 2017). Furthermore, it enhances the availability of food for households led by women, especially in regions where women may face challenges in accessing formal employment opportunities. This promotion of women's empowerment not only brings advantages to individual households but also contributes to the overall development of the community and promotes equality between genders.

Agriculture has always played a crucial role in Nigeria's economy, especially in the northern regions, where it serves as the foundation for rural livelihoods. Traditionally, farming in these areas has been dependent on the hard work of families, small plots of land, and basic tools. The peasant farming system thrived during pre-colonial times and continued to be the prevailing method even after Nigeria achieved independence in 1960. Peasant farmers in Northern Nigeria often cultivate staple crops like millet, sorghum, maize, and rice, which thrive in the region's semi-arid climate (Olayemi, 2015). The agricultural sector underwent significant transformations with the advent of colonialism. This era witnessed the rise of cash crops like cotton, groundnuts, and hides, which were cultivated and traded for export to European markets. Nevertheless, the peasant farming system continued to endure, acting as the cornerstone for food production in rural areas (Aminu, 2017). Over time, the northern region has gained recognition for its significant agricultural contributions to Nigeria's economy. However, the rural communities in this area continue to rely heavily on subsistence farming for their daily sustenance.

Northern Nigeria is known for its significant economic challenges, including widespread poverty, low literacy rates, and limited development. Based on the data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS, 2020), it is evident that a significant portion of the population in Northern Nigeria faces the harsh reality of living below the poverty line. Unfortunately, rural communities bear the brunt of challenges such as food insecurity, malnutrition, and limited access to essential services. Despite the obstacles, agriculture continues to be a crucial sector, providing employment for over 70% of the rural workforce and making a significant contribution to household income and food security (Olaniyi & Adepoju, 2018). The socio-economic structure of Northern Nigeria revolves around extended families and communal land ownership, which further strengthens the tradition of peasant farming. In many rural communities, the farm holds a significant role in people's lives, serving as more than just a source of food. It acts as a hub for social connections and a way to preserve cultural traditions (Adams & Mortimore, 2016). Despite its significance, the true potential of peasant farming has not been fully realised due to numerous challenges, such as subpar infrastructure, insufficient market access, and limited government assistance. Considering the significant role of peasant farming in the rural economy of Northern Nigeria, it is essential to assess its socio-economic benefits and the factors that contribute to its long-term viability. Therefore, the necessity for this research becomes apparent.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Despite the numerous socio-economic advantages of peasant farming, rural farmers in Northern Nigeria encounter several obstacles that impede their productivity and overall well-being. One of the main concerns revolves around the limited availability of contemporary farming methods and resources, including advanced seeds, fertilisers, and irrigation systems (Adewuyi, 2019). Many peasant farmers depend on rain-fed agriculture, leaving them vulnerable to crop failure caused by unpredictable rainfall patterns and climate change (Eze et al., 2017). The region's semi-arid climate heightens its susceptibility to droughts, resulting in severe impacts on crop yields and food availability.

Another major challenge that needs to be addressed is the inadequate condition of rural infrastructure, which includes roads, storage facilities, and markets. The inefficiency in transporting goods from farms to markets results in significant post-harvest losses and hampers the income-generating potential of peasant farming (Omotesho & Muhammad-Lawal, 2010). Furthermore, the lack of access to credit and financial services hinders farmers from making investments in improved tools and technologies that have the potential to boost their productivity (Adeoye, 2018).

The development of peasant farming in Northern Nigeria has been hindered by the lack of government support and ineffective agricultural policies. Despite the efforts made by the Nigerian government to assist smallholder farmers through programs like the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) and the Anchor Borrowers Program, the impact on rural farmers has been limited due to issues such as corruption, bureaucracy, and ineffective implementation (Obasi, 2020). Consequently, peasant farmers still encounter various challenges that hinder their ability to fully capitalise on the socio-economic benefits of their farming system.

The security situation in Northern Nigeria is a major concern for peasant farmers, as they face various challenges such as conflicts, violence from insurgent groups, banditry, and communal clashes. According to Akinola & Onuoha (2020), the security issues mentioned have severe consequences, including disruptions to farming activities, loss of lives and property, and the displacement of farming communities. Challenging conditions in certain areas can create obstacles for farmers, making it difficult for them to reach their farmland, access markets, and obtain necessary resources. These challenges have a negative impact on agricultural productivity and the livelihoods of those involved in farming (Musa et al., 2021). Tackling these challenges is crucial for optimising the advantages of peasant farming and guaranteeing its ongoing impact on rural development. Therefore, the necessity for this investigation

1.3 Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to critically evaluate the socio-economic advantages of peasant farming system in rural communities in northern Nigeria. Specific objectives of this study are to:

1. To assess the impact of peasant farming on food security in rural communities in northern Nigeria

2. To assess the impact of peasant farming on employment generation in rural communities in northern Nigeria

3. To assess the impact of peasant farming on household income level in rural communities in northern Nigeria

4. To assess the impact of peasant farming on cultural preservation in rural communities in northern Nigeria

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions which are in line with the objectives of this study will be answered in this study:

1. 1. 1. What is the impact of peasant farming on food security in rural communities in northern Nigeria?

      2. What is the impact of peasant farming on employment generation in rural communities in northern Nigeria?

      3. What is the impact of peasant farming on household income level in rural communities in northern Nigeria?

      4. What is the impact of peasant farming on cultural preservation in rural communities in northern Nigeria?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

To determine the effectiveness of this study, the following research null hypotheses will be formulated to guide the study and it will be tested at 0.05% levels of significance.:

Ho: Peasant farming systems have no significant socioeconomic advantages on rural communities in northern Nigeria.

Ha: Peasant farming systems have significant socioeconomic advantages on rural communities in northern Nigeria.

1.6 Significance of the study

This study is of great importance as it provides a thorough examination of the socio-economic advantages linked to peasant farming in Northern Nigeria. It sheds light on how this type of farming contributes to the development of rural areas and the overall well-being of communities. The study will provide a foundation for policymakers, Agricultural Development Agencies, NGOs, peasant farmers, local communities, researchers, and academics.

The study's findings will provide policymakers with valuable insights into the significant impact of peasant farming on rural economies. Having a comprehensive understanding of the socio-economic advantages is crucial for developing focused policies that provide support to peasant farmers, tackle challenges, and improve agricultural productivity. Implementing well-crafted policies can bring about positive changes such as enhanced food security, increased job prospects, and greater economic stability in rural regions.

Agricultural development agencies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) involved in rural development will find valuable insights into the role of peasant farming in promoting socio-economic stability. This knowledge will be invaluable for developing and implementing programs that promote sustainable farming practices, provide essential resources, and cater to the unique needs of peasant farmers.

The study will provide peasant farmers with a more comprehensive understanding of the advantages they can gain from their farming practices. Emphasising these benefits can enhance motivation and promote the implementation of optimal methods. In addition, recognising obstacles and suggesting remedies can assist farmers in enhancing their productivity and overall welfare.

The study will bring about greater awareness among local communities about the significance of peasant farming in preserving community cohesion and cultural heritage. Supporting peasant farming can foster stronger community bonds, help preserve local customs, and contribute to a more stable and resilient community structure.

Scholars and intellectuals will find the study valuable for enhancing the existing understanding of rural agriculture and peasant farming systems. The findings will serve as a solid basis for future research and provide valuable insights into the socio-economic effects of traditional farming practices. This could potentially spark new academic investigations and studies.

1.7 Scope of the study

Broadly, this study focus is to critically evaluate the socio-economic advantages of peasant farming system in rural communities in Nigeria. Empirically the study will explore the impact of peasant farming on food security in rural communities in Nigeria, the impact of peasant farming on employment generation in rural communities in Nigeria, the impact of peasant farming on household income level in rural communities in Nigeria and the impact of peasant farming on cultural preservation in rural communities in Nigeria.

Geographically, the study will be carried out in Yola, Adamawa state.

1.8 Limitations of the study

During the examination, the researchers carefully examined the inherent limitations that are present in all human behaviours. One of the main challenges we faced was the lack of extensive scholarly research on the subject. A notable factor that contributed to the issue was the limited data available regarding an evaluation of the socio-economic advantages of peasant farming system in rural communities in northern Nigeria. Given the task at hand, it was quite demanding to find the required materials, books, or information and organise the data, requiring a significant investment of time and effort.

In addition, the study's findings may be constrained by the small number of participants and the limited scope of the research, which mainly revolves around Yola, Adamawa state. Therefore, the findings of the study have limited practical implications, highlighting the need for further research.

In addition, the individual experienced significant constraints due to financial constraints. As a student with limited financial resources, they had to carefully navigate these constraints throughout their study. The exorbitant transportation fees at the research site proved to be a significant hindrance in meeting the financial obligations tied to travel expenses.

Furthermore, the person had a packed schedule due to their scholarly obligations, including attending lectures and participating in a range of educational pursuits.

1.9 Definition of terms

Peasant farming: Peasant farming is a farming method that using small farming land from crop production without expensive technologies. As compared to commercial farming, it requires less machinery and small land for farming.

Agricultural productivity: Agricultural productivity is measured as the ratio of agricultural outputs to inputs. While individual products are usually measured by weight, which is known as crop yield, varying products make measuring overall agricultural output difficult.

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